| المرجع الرئيسي. | Pauly, D., 1989 |
|---|---|
| ملاحظات | Found on soft, muddy bottoms of the continental shelf and upper slope. It is mostly found at 180 m (Ref. 4587); prefers 5-11°C (Ref. 5951). Mature fish migrate inshore in the northern Gulf of Maine in summer, disperse in autumn, and move into deepest areas in winter (Ref. 4587). Feeds on fishes like clupeids (especially Atlantic herring) and gadids (mainly silver hake, red hake and longfin hake; Atlantic mackerel, argentines and wrymouth); crustaceans (particularly pandalid shrimps). Parasites of the species include 2 protozoans, 3 myxosporidians, 1 trematode, 1 nematode (sealworm, Phocanema decipiens) and 1 copepod (Ref. 5951). See also Ref. 8999. |
| Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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| الركيزة | Soft Bottom |
|---|---|
| مرجع الركيزة. | |
| الموائل الخاصة | |
| الموائل الخاصة المرجع. |
| مرجع | |
|---|---|
| الجمعيات | schooling; shoaling; |
| مرتبط بـ | |
| ملاحظات الجمعية | Survey data indicate that mature adult females aggregate on the southwest Grand Bank slope in spring and first-year juveniles settle on the southern, shallow Grand Bank nursery in autumn (Ref. 94937). Depth distribution varies by age and season; individuals of all ages tend to move inshore or shoalward in summer, dispersing to deeper areas in winter. Canadian Atlantic population seem to spawn sporadically, but there is a tendency for mass seasonal spawning in the SW Gulf of St. Lawrence in summer; some seasonal movement away from Prince Edward Island in winter (Ref. 86779). |
| التطفل |
| نوع التغذية | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
|---|---|
| نوع التغذية المرجع. | Pauly, D., 1989 |
| العادات الغذائية | variable |
| عادة التغذية المرجع. | Pauly, D., 1989 |
| Estimation method | العينة الأصلية | مجتمعات لم يتم صيدها | ملاحظة | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
| من التركيبة الغذائية | 4.27 | 0.54 | 4.23 | 0.74 | Troph of juv./adults from 2 studies. |
| من العناصر الغذائية المفردة | 3.27 | 0.46 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
| مرجع | Langton, R.W. and R.E. Bowman, 1980 | ||||