| Main Ref. | Sierra, L.M., R. Claro and O.A. Popova, 1994 |
|---|---|
| Bemerkungen | Inhabits shallow coastal waters, estuaries and bays, over sand and mud bottoms (Ref. 3237). Often in schools, except large individuals which are solitary (Ref. 7251). Dorsal fin may show above surface (Ref. 42064). More or less pelagic but feeds on benthic worms, crustaceans, and mollusks (Ref. 2850), also on cephalopods and fish (Ref. 26338). Tolerates oxygen poor water by inhaling air into a lung-like airbladder (Ref. 9710). |
| Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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| Substrat | Soft Bottom: sand; mud; |
|---|---|
| Substrat Ref. | Whitehead, P.J.P., 1978 |
| Besondere Lebensräume | |
| Besondere Lebensräume Ref. |
| Ref. | |
|---|---|
| Verbände | |
| Assoziiert mit | |
| Bemerkungen der Vereinigung | |
| Parasitismus |
| Art der Fütterung | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
|---|---|
| Fütterungsart Ref. | Sierra, L.M., R. Claro and O.A. Popova, 1994 |
| Fütterungsgewohnheit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
| Fütterungsgewohnheiten Ref. |
| Estimation method | Ursprüngliche Probe | Ungefischte Bevölkerung | Bemerkung | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
| Von der Zusammensetzung der Ernährung | 3.73 | 0.28 | 3.62 | 0.53 | Troph of juv./adults from 2 studies. |
| Von einzelnen Lebensmitteln | 3.66 | 0.56 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
| Ref. | Crabtree, R.E., C. Stevens, D. Snodgrass and F.J. Stengard, 1998 | ||||